Stromal vascular fraction or SVF cells is a medical term that describes a heterogeneous kind of cell that are typically found in adipose “fat” tissue. SVF cells are not the same as “stem cells” and are generally used for cosmetic purposes. These types of cells constitute about 2/3rd of all cells in the human body.

SVF and Fat Stem Cells

The remaining cells are called adipocytes.[1] SVF Cells are complex cellular products that are made from fat. SVF cell family is quite diverse and contains dozens of types of cells,cytokines and growth factors.  Stromal-vascular fraction or SVF cells include:

• • • Nerve cells
    • Monocytes
    • Regulatory T-cells used in NK Cell Treatment for Cancer
    • Endothelial cells
    • Macrophages including anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage
    • Fibroblast-like interstitial cells
    • Pre-adipocytes
    • Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC)

At the Regeneration center of Thailand, Adipose derived SVF cells acquired through adipose tissue are mainly used in cosmetic stem cell applications such as stem cell breast or stem cell facelifts. There are also several studies and clinical trials underway to understand the use of SVF cells in regenerative medicine for conditions such as peripheral neuropathy, brain strokes, knee injuries, orthopaedic sport injuries,diabetes and arthritis.[2] SVF and Stromal cells have demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects even using non-expanded cells.[3]

To learn more about Stromal Vascular Fraction Cells or if you have any other questions please contact us today.

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Published Clinical Citations

• [1] ^ Sukpat, Supakanda, Nipan Isarasena, Jutamas Wongphoom, and Suthiluk Patumraj. 2013. Vasculoprotective effects of combined endothelial progenitor cells and mesenchymal stem cells in diabetic wound care: their potential role in decreasing wound-oxidative stress. BioMed research international (June 17). doi:10.1155/2013/459196. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23844362.

• [2] ^ Jerareungrattan, Aungkura, Monnipha Sila-asna, and Ahnond Bunyaratvej. Increased smooth muscle actin expression from bone marrow stromal cells under retinoic acid treatment: an attempt for autologous blood vessel tissue engineering. Asian Pacific journal of allergy and immunology, no. 2-3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16252840.

• [3] ^ Wang, Wei Z, Xin-Hua Fang, Shelley J Williams, Linda L Stephenson, Richard C Baynosa, Nancy Wong, Kayvan T Khiabani, and William A Zamboni. 2013. Analysis for apoptosis and necrosis on adipocytes, stromal vascular fraction, and adipose-derived stem cells in human lipoaspirates after liposuction. Plastic and reconstructive surgery, no. 1. doi:10.1097/PRS.0b013e3182729ff7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23271558.

DNA is also known as Deoxyribonucleic Acid. DNA is considered to the building block of the body and is found in the nuclei of all cells.  Found inside the nucleus the DNA strands are sets of chromosomes. Each set of chromosomes have a constriction point from where two arms are formed called the centromere. The shorter arm of the chromosome is called the P Arm while the long arm of the chromosome is tagged as the Q arm. Each pair of chromosome is shaped by the placement of centromeres along with the sizes of the P and Q arms.

DNA – DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

Humans are known to carry 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46. Twenty two pairs are called autosomes and appear equally in both females and men. The 23rd Chromosomal pair is called the sex chromosomes and differs between females and males. Females usually have 2 copies of the XX or X chromosome, while men have exactly one set of Y and one set of X chromosome.

Where Can DNA be found?

DeoxyriboNucleic Acid or “dNA” is passed down from generation to generation. DNA can be found inside the nucleus of all living organisms in the known universe. The most common type of the DNA is the “nuclear DNA” as is sits inside the nucleus.  A modest quantity of DNA may also be located in the mitochondria and is therefore known as “mitochondrial DNA” or mtDNA.

Ingredients of DNA

DNA comprises four chemical bases:

• Adenine (A)
• Cytosine (C)
• Guanine (G)
• Thymine (T)

DNA base pairs

DNA bases are matched with each other to form components known as a base pair. Base Pairs are attached to sugar and phosphate molecules. Its estimated that there are about 3,000,000,000 bases pairs of DNA per human. These bases have now been sequenced to better understand how diseases are transmitted. Information about genetic health testing.

The Double Helix and Nucleotides

The Sugar molecule and phosphate molecules combine to form nucleotides. The Nucleotides is ordered in 2 long coil shaped fibrils known as a double helix. The double helix resembles the shape of a twisting ladder with the base pair forming the steps of the twisting ladder while the phosphate molecules and sugar molecule join to form the side of the twisting ladder.

How Can DNA replicate?

Our DNA structures can make make identical copies of itself. Single strands of DNA can become two DNA stands and then open up to make another copy or clone each other. This acts as natures “backup system” to allow a new set DNA with at least one identical copy of the old DNA from which the copy was made from.

Mitochondrial DNA

The mitochondria contain only a modest quantity of DNA known as mtDNA or mitochondrial DNA. Each cell in the body includes millions of mitochondria dna. Mitochondrial DNA is made up of 37 genes that regulate the mtDNA. 13 of these mtDNA provide explicit directions for producing enzymes. The remaining genes help create molecules known as transfer RNAs or tRNAs along with rRNAs knows or ribosomal RNAs.

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UPDATED July 06, 2020 Researchers in Boston USA have identified a new way to enable regrow human corneal tissue to help restore vision in the early trials. The team was led by Dr Paraskevi Kolovou. The key to the new discovery was the ABCB5 molecule that acted like a marker to find limbal cells.

These limbal stem cells can be difficult to find and were previosuly only found in the limbus or “basal limbal epithelium.” Previously, the loss of human limbus is usually attributed to injuries or eye disease. Loss of limbus is currently one of the leading causes of blindness for humans. Previously, tissue regeneration using cell transplants has been done to allow the cornea to regenerate, but previously it was unknown if there were any limbal stem cells present during the grafting stage. Previously, Doctors were not able to count the volume of cells using flow cytometry leading to inconsistent results.

Scientists at Harvard Stem Cell Institute were finally able to overcome this limitation by using certain antibodies to detect the elusive ABCB5 molecule to better target the limbal cells in the tissue from human donors. They then used these grafts to properly regrow a fully functional human cornea in mice.

Limbal cells are rare and difficult to isolate and any chances for successful transplants were dependent heavily on these unique cells. This new finding should make it much more feasible to restore corneal surface on humans. The ABCB5 molecule was originally discovered by Doctor Markus and Natasha Frank of the VA Boston Healthcare System. The doctors were able to produce the molecule in tissue precursor cells that are found in human intestine and skin stromal cells.

They also recently found that ABCB5 can also be found in limbal stem cells as this molecule is required for the survival, maintenance and repair of the cornea. Studies have shown that lacking a properly functional ABCB5 molecules in the limbal stem cells and corneas did not heal properly after injury. The ABCB5 gene allows the limbal stem cells to survive by protecting the cells from programmed cell death known as apoptosis.

To learn more or if you have any other questions please contact us today.

Stromal cells are the connective tissue cells for all organs in the human body. The most common types these cells in our bodies are Pericytes and Fibroblasts (skin cells)

Stromal cells can be found in the:

• Liver
• Kidneys
• Mucous membranes
• Lymph nodes
• Prostate
• Ovaries
• Bone marrow
• Adipose Tissue
• Pancreas

The primary function of the stromal cells are to support functions of the parenchymal cells of the specific organ in which they are found.[1] Widely used today in regenerative medicine centers are MSCs cells or Mesenchymal stem cells which are essentially multipotent stromal cells and used in many stem cell therapies including spinal cord injuries.[2] Stromal cells posses broad immunoregulatory properties.

Stromal cells are unique in cancer research also. The general interaction between cancerous tumor cells and stromal cells is what is believed to play a significant role in cancer growth and development.[3]

Fibroblast Stromal cells in the epidermis (outer) layer of our skin constantly releases immuno growth factors that help promote cell division that keeps our skin healthy and fresh. Certain skin cancers such as basal cell carcinoma cannot spread throughout the body because the cancer cells require nearby stromal cells beyond the skin areas to continue its constant division. By removing these stromal cell growth factors in certain instances we can prevent some cancers from spreading themselves to other vital organs.

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Published Clinical Citations

• [1] ^ Anna-Maaria Vähä, Anniina Veijola, Henna Karvonen, Siri Lehtonen, Riitta Kaarteenaho, P053 Variable effect of pirfenidone, nintedanib and N-acetylcysteine solely and combined on stromal cells of different types of pulmonary fibroses , QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, Volume 109, Issue suppl_1, September 2016, Page S39, https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcw124.025

• [2] ^ Karen English, Mesenchymal stromal cell therapy for pulmonary fibrosis , QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, Volume 109, Issue suppl_1, September 2016, Page S30, https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcw119.030

• [3] ^ J. Stolk, W. Broekman, T. Mauad, J.J. Zwaginga, H. Roelofs, W.E. Fibbe, J. Oostendorp, I. Bajema, M.I.M. Versteegh, C. Taube, P.S. Hiemstra, A phase I study for intravenous autologous mesenchymal stromal cell administration to patients with severe emphysema, QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, Volume 109, Issue 5, May 2016, Pages 331–336, https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcw001

The exact origin of the term “Daughter Cell” is unknown but it is believed the term comes from the result of asexual binary fission. The cells formation is asexual by definition, if the parent cells are considered to be “mother” cells, then the progeny would have to be of considered the same “gender” or “female daughters”, since the genetic material in the newly formed cells are basically identical. [1]

Daughter Cell – Video

The regeneration center of Thailand research department also recently discovered that decay particles from known radioactive elements are also sometimes referred to as “daughters” of the parental radioisotopes but using gender-based rationale would not be appropriate in the latter situation.[2]

In regenerative medicine, daughter cells are identical cells that are produced in the process of cellular division. A newly formed daughter cell is created after the division of a “mother cell.” The Daughter cells are the direct product of cellular division where the new cells are 100% identical genetically to the parent cells.[3]

All Hereditary material encoded in Human DNA and is passed from one cell generation to the next via mitosis. The daughter cells are virtually identical to the parent cells and will continue to differentiate / self-renew indefinitely, helping to maintain appropriate stem cell levels in the human body. The only difference is that daughter cells are programmed to follow a slightly different course in their development and function.

Symmetric division however results in 2 identical daughter cells (compared to parent cell) while the process of asymmetric division will result in each daughter cell that is slightly different from its parent cell. A stem cell can also divide asymmetrically, thus producing a daughter cell that’s called “progenitor cell” and another daughter that’s called a stem cell.

To learn more or if you have any other questions please contact us today.

Published Clinical Citations

• [1] ^ Alvarez-Fernández, Mónica, and Marcos Malumbres. 2014. Preparing a cell for nuclear envelope breakdown: Spatio-temporal control of phosphorylation during mitotic entry. BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology, no. 8 (May 30). doi:10.1002/bies.201400040. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24889070.

• [2] ^ Raksaseri, Promporn, Varanuj Chatsudthipong, Chatchai Muanprasat, and Sunhapas Soodvilai. 2013. Activation of liver X receptors reduces CFTR-mediated Cl(-) transport in kidney collecting duct cells. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology, no. 4 (May 29). doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00579.2012. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23720350.

• [3] ^ Wongwuttisaroj, Natta, Sasijit Vejbaesya, Viroje Chongkolwatana, and Surapol Issaragrisil. 2012. Analysis of KIR genes in HLA-identical sibling hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in Thai patients with leukemia. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet, no. 10. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23193738.

Mesoderm is the The middle part of the three germ layers and a derivative of a blastocyst inner cell mass. The mesodermal layer is composed of cells that have the ability to differentiate into muscle and bone cells, as well as kidney cells ,ligaments and connective tissues.[1]

For humans, the mesoderm is among the 3 primary germ cell layers. The other two germ layers are endoderm and the ectoderm. In the early stages of an embryo the mesoderm area is the central layer.The Mesoderm layer forms during gastrulation and lies between the ectoderm and the endoderm.[2]

It leads to development of some glands and also helps give rise to several other vital structures and tissues including cartilage,bone,connective tissue, muscle, blood for vascular system, reproductive,urinogenital and excretory systems. Stem cells in mesodermal tissues keep the ability to differentiate in varied ways. For instance, Bone marrow stem cells “mesoderm” can become liver cells “endoderm”.[3]

The mesoderm can be identified with 3 germ layers seen in the embryo of all “Bilaterian” creatures. That includes all creatures on Earth with the exception Cnidarians,Placozoans and sponges making them triploblastic. The NODAL indicator helps to mediate the initial formation of the mesoderm layer.

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Published Clinical Citations

• [1] ^ Phermthai, Tatsanee, Singpetch Suksompong, Nednapis Tirawanchai, Surapol Issaragrisil, Suphakde Julavijitphong, Suparat Wichitwiengrat, Decha Silpsorn, and Puttachart Pokathikorn. 2013. Epigenetic analysis and suitability of amniotic fluid stem cells for research and therapeutic purposes. Stem cells and development, no. 9 (February 12). doi:10.1089/scd.2012.0371. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23249260

• [2] ^ Noisa, Parinya, and Rangsun Parnpai. 2011. Technical challenges in the derivation of human pluripotent cells. Stem cells international (June 19). doi:10.4061/2011/907961. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21776284

• [3] ^ Moroz, Leonid L, Kevin M Kocot, Mathew R Citarella, Sohn Dosung, Tigran P Norekian, Inna S Povolotskaya, Anastasia P Grigorenko, et al. 2014. The ctenophore genome and the evolutionary origins of neural systems. Nature, no. 7503 (May 21). doi:10.1038/nature13400. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24847885