Differentiation of Adipocytes

Cell Differentiation is the process by which the genes of a particular cell changes upon interaction with external factors (chemical and physical), and transforming into another specialized form of cell, i.e., bone, heart, or liver. There are several techniques that have been formulated to stimulate cell differentiation for therapeutic reasons.

One way is through directed differentiation, a process by which signaling pathways of protein are induced. Protein is found on the external surface of a cell.

Bone marrow is the central portion of bone responsible for the daily production of roughly 500 billion red blood cells. The bone marrow substance is a very spongy tissue inside the human bone.

Typically the adult stem cells are harvested from bone marrow aspirations (stem cell extractions ) are from areas such as the hip and/or thigh bone.

Video about Extracting Bone Marrow

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Multipotent stem cells are specific variant of stem cells that has the ability to differentiate or transform into several other variants of cells belonging to a similar family. For instance, the hematopoietic stem cells. These may develop into different variants of blood cells, forming either platelets or RBCs, but they are not capable of differentiating into neural cells.

The Polar body refers to the resultant structure that an egg cell (oogonium) produces as it undergoes meiosis. During the first stage of meiosis, the egg cell evenly divides the chromosomes between the resultant two cells. However, the cytoplasm is divided unevenly.

One of the cells retains majority of the cytoplasm, leaving the other cell with a very small amount or nearly none. That smaller cell represents the first polar body, which normally undergoes degeneration. The resultant larger cell, which is the ovum, re-divides, generating the second polar body containing half of the chromosome amount and a nearly absent cytoplasm. This second polar body then splits up and positions itself near the oocyte or the larger cell until such time that it undergoes degeneration. At the end of meiosis, there shall be only one functional egg or oocyte produced.

Oocyte Polar Body Biopsy Video

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Somatic stem cells are basically adult stem cells that are found in both children and adult humans. The regeneration center of Thailand uses adult stem cells that are isolated from a tissue samples from cord blood,placenta,adipose (fat) or dental pulp.

Embryonic vs Somatic Stem Cells (Adult)

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Tetraploid complementation assays are used to examine the potency of a particular stem cell.  Scientific studies in medical journals performed on chimeras (the mixture of cells of two distinct animals) revealed that the fusion of two embryos with eight cells resulted into cells containing four sets of chromosomes referred to as tetraploid cells, which are predisposed to developing into an extra-embryonic tissue, i.e., the placenta.

The embryo is not generated by the tetraploid cells; rather, it develops from the injected stem cells (diploid).  This predisposition has been subjugated to examine a stem cell’s potency.  The initial process involves the injection of stem cells into a tetraploid embryo.  An embryo should develop if the injected stem cells happen to be pluripotent.  Shall it yield a negative result, or should the ensuing embryo fail to endure until birth, then it means that the injected cells were not pluripotent.